Pharmacological Essays (Examples)
Study Document
PCOS Diagnosis And Management
… involving menstruation and requires proper diagnosis and treatment plan. This paper discusses the diagnosis of her condition and provides a therapeutic plan incorporating pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments based on evidence-based practice.
Diagnostic Testing and Possible Physical Exam Findings
The patient’s history of present illness meets the criteria for Polycystic … polycystic ovaries. The laboratory evaluation using pelvic ultrasound is likely to indicate polycystic…[break]…to help in the treatment of acne associated with this condition. Non-pharmacological interventions will entail lifestyle changes that can help improve menstrual regularity. Some of the recommended interventions for this patient include weight loss and … insulin resistance, improve body composition, and lessen hyperandrogenism.
As part of the therapeutic plan, the patient will receive education and counseling for the pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Nutritional counseling will be provided to ensure the patient adopts a modified diet for weight loss and improved BMI. This counseling will … dysfunction.……
References
References
Lanzo, E., Monge, M. & Trent, M. (2015, September). Diagnosis and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescent Girl. Pediatric Annals, 44(9), e223-e230. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5659205/
Lua, A.C.Y., How, C.H. & King, T.F.J. (2018, November). Managing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Primary Care. Singaporean Medical Journal, 59(11), 567-571. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6250763/
Williams, T., Mortada, R. & Porter, S. (2016, July 15). Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. American Family Physician, 94(2), 106-113. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2016/0715/p106.html
Study Document
Schizophrenia
… therapy to the humanistic approach of Carl Rogers (Styliandis, 2016).
Today, the primary methods used to treat schizophrenia typically include a combination of pharmacological and therapeutic approaches. Neuroleptics, mood stabilizers and anti-depressants may be used depending on the patient’s receptivity. Psychosocial therapy may also be used (Villeneuve, … of a patient’s problems but rather on identifying the triggers that lead to the negative outcomes and developing a behavioral plan that will. Pharmacological treatment also does not…[break]…point out, there is no clear line between a mental disorder and a demonic possession in the Bible—for sometimes it … “split mind” personality from developing.
Conclusion
The etiology of schizophrenia is unknown; however, modern medicine does have ways of treating it, which include pharmacological intervention and therapeutic intervention. Throughout history, every culture has described a disorder that resembles schizophrenia and each culture and age has treated it ……
References
References
DSM. (2013). American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved from https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm
Dhindsa, R. S., & Goldstein, D. B. (2016). Schizophrenia: from genetics to physiology at last. Nature, 530(7589), 162.
Ho, R. T. H., Chan, C. K. P., Lo, P. H. Y., Wong, P. H., Chan, C. L. W., Leung, P. P. Y.,
& Chen, E. Y. H. (2016). Understandings of spirituality and its role in illness recovery in persons with schizophrenia and mental-health professionals: a qualitative study. BMC psychiatry, 16(1), 86.
Kinter, E. T. (2009). Identifying treatment preferences of patients with schizophrenia in Germany: An application of patient-centered care. The Johns Hopkins University.
Lee, H. S., Corbera, S., Poltorak, A., Park, K., Assaf, M., Bell, M. D., ... & Choi, K. H. (2018). Measuring theory of mind in schizophrenia research: Cross-cultural validation. Schizophrenia research, 201, 187-195.
Leucht, S., Cipriani, A., Spineli, L., Mavridis, D., Örey, D., Richter, F., Samara, M., Barbui, C., Engel, R.R., Geddes, J.R. and Kissling, W. (2013). Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. The Lancet, 382(9896), 951-962.
Maatz, A., Hoff, P., & Angst, J. (2015). Eugen Bleuler's schizophrenia—a modern perspective. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 17(1), 43.
Study Document
Chronic GI GU Condition
… include, but they are not limited to, upper digestive system x-ray and esophageal manometry.
Treatment in this case would be include of both pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions. The most appropriate pharmacological interventions in the present scenario would be drugs to block the production of acid. This is more so the case given that the ……
References
References
Fisichella, P.M., Allaix, M.E., Morino, M. & Patti, M.G. (Eds.). (2014). Esophageal Diseases: Evaluation and Treatment. New York, NY: Springer.
Lacy, B.E. & Patel, B.K. (2017). Rome Criteria and a Diagnostic Approach to Irritable Bowel Syndrome. J Clin Med., 6(11), 95-101.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases – NIDDK (2014). Symptoms & Causes of GER & GERD. Retrieved from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/symptoms-causes
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases – NIDDK (2019). Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Retrieved from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/irritable-bowel-syndrome
National Cancer Institute (2019). NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/benign-prostatic-hypertrophy
Study Document
Carl Rogers The Ideal Self And Animal Therapy
… the theory or theories that are used in the research.
In the field of addiction, there are numerous evidence based theories: behavioral theories, pharmacological theories, psychotherapeutic theories, and so on. Each theory has been tested in research and examined from multiple dimensions. There is not always agreement ……
References
References
Asen, E. & Fonagy, P (2012) Handbook of Mentalizing in Mental Health Practice. Washington DC.
Kern-Godal, A., Arnevik, E. A., Walderhaug, E., &Ravndal, E. (2015). Substance use disorder treatment retention and completion: a prospective study of horse-assisted therapy (HAT) for young adults. Addiction science & clinical practice, 10(1), 21.
Rogers, C. (1951). Client-Centered Therapy. MA: Riverside Press. Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology. (2006). American Psychologist, May-June, 271-285.
Muela, A., Balluerka, N., Amiano, N., Caldentey, M. A., &Aliri, J. (2017). Animal-assisted psychotherapy for young people with behavioural problems in residential care. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 24(6), O1485 O1494. doi: http://fir.tesu.edu:2074/10.1002/cpp.2112
Operational Definition for Evidence-Based Practices Addictions and Mental Health Division. (2017). Week 4 material.
Study Document
Cholelithiasis Gallstones Gallbladder Disease
...Pharmacological Introduction
Gallbladder disease, especially cholelithiasis (gallstones) affects over 20 million Americans every year. The condition often goes undiagnosed because cholelithiasis rarely presents symptoms. Abdominal discomfort, nausea, jaundice and biliary colic are some symptoms of the condition. Imaging techniques are the most accurate diagnosis tools for gallbladder diseases. However, laboratory values such as CBC, serum amylase, liver-function testing and lipase can help differentiate the type of gallbladder disease/or identify related issues. Surgery is the most effective treatment for gallbladder disease patients. Exercise, diet, and nutrition affect gallbladder disease. It is important for patients to integrate the healthy habits into their lifestyle to lower the risk of developing gallbladder disorders (Jugenheimer, et al., 2008).
Cholelithiasis (gallstones) is the most common type of gallbladder disease. It affects over 20 million Americans every year, translating to over $6.3 billion in direct costs. Generally, gallstones are asymptomatic. The stones are usually identified during autopsy or……
References
References
Anderson, P. O., Knoben, J. E., & Troutman, W. G. (2010). Clinical drug data. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
Al-alem, F., Mattar, R. E., Madkhali, A., Alsharabi, A., Alsaif, F., & Hassanain, M. (April 26, 2017). Incidental Gallbladder Cancer.
Borzellino, G., & Cordiano, C. (2008). Biliary lithiasis: Basic science, current diagnosis, and management. Milan: Springer.
Bullock, ., Shane, ., & Hales, . (2012). Principles of Pathophysiology. Sydney: P. Ed Australia.
In Agresta, F., In Campanile, F. C., & In Vettoretto, N. (2014). Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: An Evidence-based Guide.
In Cox, M. R., In Eslick, G. D., & In Padbury, R. (2018). The management of gallstone disease: A practical and evidence-based approach.
In Wang, D. Q.-H., & In Portincasa, P. A. M. (2017). Gallstones: Recent advances in epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management.
Jugenheimer, M., Immenroth, M., Berg, T., & Brenner, J. (2008). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Heidelberg: Springer.
Study Document
Depression Among Adolescents
… 2019). If one’s neurotransmitters are not functioning normally, nerve receptors and systems change, which can trigger depression. This is usually a situation where pharmacological intervention is required. Hormones are something every teen experiences, as the body is changing and developing at a rapid pace and in a ……
References
References
Anderson, M. & Jiang, J. (2018). Teens, Social Media & Technology 2018. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/05/31/teens-social-media-technology-2018/
Bandura, A. (2018). Toward a psychology of human agency: Pathways and reflections. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(2), 130-136.
Chester, J., & Montgomery, K. (2008). No escape: Marketing to kids in the digital age. Multinational Monitor, 29(1), 11.
Greenberg, P. (2015). The Growing Economic Burden of Depression in the U.S. Retrieved from https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/mind-guest-blog/the-growing-economic-burden-of-depression-in-the-u-s/
Grover, S., Raju, V. V., Sharma, A., & Shah, R. (2019). Depression in children and adolescents: a review of Indian studies. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 41(3), 216.
Korry, E. (2015). California Moves To Stop Misuse Of Psychiatric Meds In Foster Care. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/02/436350334/california-moves-to-stop-misuse-of-psychiatric-meds-in-foster-care
Lim, X. J., Radzol, A. M., Cheah, J., & Wong, M. W. (2017). The impact of social media influencers on purchase intention and the mediation effect of customer attitude. Asian Journal of Business Research, 7(2), 19-36.
Lohmann, R. (2019). What\\\\\\'s Driving the Rise in Teen Depression? Retrieved from https://health.usnews.com/wellness/for-parents/articles/2019-04-22/teen-depression-is-on-the-rise
Study Document
Music Therapy And Aging
...Pharmacological Music Therapy and Aging
Summary
Grief, pain, and distress can become unbearable for the bereaved although death is an experience that every individual goes through. Many therapeutic interventions have been developed to help the bereaved cope with death including music therapy interventions. These interventions have shown positive impacts on the cognitive and emotional well-being of the bereaved and older adults with terminal conditions or under hospice care. However, the impact of these interventions on the aging process remains unknown and understudied. The proposed study will look at the effect of music therapy interventions on aging, especially on the frailties brought by old age. The scope of the proposed research is to look at the link between music therapy interventions and the quality of life of elderly people without any chronic or terminal conditions.
This study is expected to provide insights on how to cope or deal with frailties of old……
References
Works Cited
Bitting, Sara. “An Overview on Death and Dying Including Cultural Influences Within the Major NonWhite Populations of the United States.” Baylor University, Baylor University, May 2014, https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/2104/9001/Overview%20on%20Death%20and%20Dying.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y .
Braun , Kathryn L., and Rhea Nichols. “Death And Dying In Four Asian American Cultures: A Descriptive Study.” Death Studies, vol. 21, no. 4, 2010, pp. 327–359., doi:10.1080/074811897201877.
Gire, James T. “How Death Imitates Life: Cultural Influences on Conceptions of Death and Dying.” Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, vol. 6, no. 2, 1 Dec. 2014, pp. 3–22., doi: https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1120 .
Pentaris, Panagiotis. “Culture and Death: A Multicultural Perspective.” Hawaii Pacific Journal of Social Work Practice, vol. 4, no. 1, May 2011, pp. 45–84.
Pentaris, Panagiotis. “The Cultural Context of Dying: Hawai’Ian Death Conceptions and The Gender Divide.” Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, vol. 6, no. 4, Nov. 2018, pp. 104–111.
Study Document
Assessing And Treating Pediatric Clients With Mood Disorders
… expected that during the next visit, the client will exhibit a 40%-50% decrease in depressive symptoms.…[break]…“the reuptake of noradrenaline and dopamine, potentially providing pharmacological augmentation to more common antidepressants such as selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)” (Patel, Allen, Haque, Angelescu, Baumeister, and Tracy, 2016, p. 122). I ……
References
References
American Academy of Pediatrics (2020). Sertraline - Zoloft (Oral Solution). Retrieved from https://www.aap.org/en-us/professional-resources/Psychopharmacology/Pages/Sertraline-Zoloft-Oral-Solution.aspx
Fainzang, S. (2011). Discourse on safe drug use: symbolic logics and ethical aspects. Drug Saf., 33(8), 623-629.
Hritzak, K. & Culhane, N.S. (2004). Sertraline effective for children and adolescents with major depression. J Fam Pract., 53(1), 8-14.
Milev, D.R. (2015). Does Sleep Quality Change after Switch from Wellbutrin SR to Wellbutrin XL in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder? Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00616915
Mullen, S. (2018). Major depressive disorder in children and adolescents. Ment Health Clin., 8(6), 275-283.
Navels, R.M., Gentkovsky, S.T. & Williams, B.E. (2016). Paroxetine—The Antidepressant from Hell? Probably Not, But Caution Required. Psychopharmacol Bull., 46(1), 77-104.
Patel, K., Allen, S., Haque, M.N., Angelescu, L., Baumeister, D. & Tracy, D.K. (2016). Bupropion: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness as an antidepressant. The Adv Psychopharmacol., 6(2), 99-144.
Study Document
Urinary Leakage And Incontinence
… be excluded. Once the assessment has been carried out, the predominant symptom will help to diagnose the condition and direct the appropriate treatment. Non-pharmacological management approaches could be used in the treatment or management of her condition depending on the symptoms. As shown in clinical studies, some ……
References
References
Aoki, Y., Brown, H.W., Brubaker, L., Cornu, J.N., Daly, J.O. & Cartwright, R. (2017, July). Urinary Incontinence in Women. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3, 1-44.
DeMaagd, G.A. & Davenport, T.C. (2012, June). Management of Urinary Incontinence. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 37(6), 345-361.
Study Document
Veterans Back Pain Exercise And Therapy
...Pharmacological PICOT Question
Introduction
Low back pain is a common health challenge for both active and former military service members. Among the military veterans, low back pain places higher risk and has been indicated to be bear the potential for long-term disability (Bagg et al., 2017). There is a lack of effective treatment strategies, and thus, military veterans rely on pain management strategies and other medical strategies, e.g., medical imaging, opioids, injections, and surgery. To both the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Department of Veteran Affairs (VA), the costs of care for members with low back pain have been on the rise; necessitating the need for research on the effectiveness of some of the available methods for treating and managing low back pain. Some of the methods available are non-narcotic pain medication, yoga stretches, and physiotherapy. These interventions can be administered in combination or singly (Bagg et al., 2017). This……
References
References
Bagg, M. K., Hübscher, M., Rabey, M., Wand, B. M., O’Hagan, E., Moseley, G. L., ... & O’Connell, N. E. (2017). The RESOLVE Trial for people with chronic low back pain: protocol for a randomized clinical trial. Journal of physiotherapy, 63(1), 47-48.
Chou, R., Deyo, R., Friedly, J., Skelly, A., Hashimoto, R., Weimer, M., ... & Grusing, S. (2017). Nonpharmacologic therapies for low back pain: a systematic review for an American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Annals of internal medicine, 166(7), 493-505.
Dehghan, M., & FarahbOD, F. (2014). The efficacy of thermotherapy and cryotherapy on pain relief in patients with acute low back pain, a clinical trial study. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 8(9), LC01.
Denneson, L. M., Corson, K., & Dobscha, S. K. (2011). Complementary and alternative medicine use among veterans with chronic noncancer pain—Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 48(9).
Guzmán, J., Esmail, R., Karjalainen, K., Malmivaara, A., Irvin, E., & Bombardier, C. (2001). Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: systematic review. BMJ, 322(7301), 1511-1516.
Hayden, J. A., Van Tulder, M. W., & Tomlinson, G. (2005). Systematic review: strategies for using exercise therapy to improve outcomes in chronic low back pain. Annals of internal medicine, 142(9), 776-785.
Kim, E. J., Choi, Y. D., Lim, C. Y., Kim, K. H., & Lee, S. D. (2015). Effect of heating and cooling combination therapy on patients with chronic low back pain: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 16(1), 285.
Nitsure, P. V., Pathania, T. S., & Bilgi, T. A. (2014). Comparison of elastic resistance band exercises and yoga in physiotherapy students with chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Yoga & Physical Therapy, 5, 180.
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